VHF Radio Basics.
Registration, operation and etiquette!
III: Radio Protocol and Etiquette
Channel 16 is for hailing or distress calls only. You may not chat on channel 16. Use 9 or a working channel. |
Every channel on VHF radio has a specific purpose. Channel 16 is for hailing and distress messaging only. It is meant to be monitored all the time while underway to assist in emergencies if necessary, to hear Coast Guard alerts for weather and hazards or restrictions to navigation, and to hear another vessel hailing you. This channel should never be used for casual conversation or performing a radio check. Please keep in mind that you could (without even knowing it) be preventing someone from reaching help in a disaster.
Obscene or objectionable language, transmission of music, and subversive transmissions are forbidden. There are individuals monitoring the airwaves and the Coast Guard can locate the origins of signals. The consequences can be severe. Children should be taught proper radio use and should never be left unattended near a radio.
To hail another vessel, simply call the name of the vessel two or three times, followed by your own vessel’s name and station ID if applicable. Wait for a response then immediately switch to a working channel. For example, depress the microphone key and say “Seascape, Seascape, Seascape, this is Espresso WDA9048 on channel 16, over.” You must release the key to hear a response. The term “over” let’s the listeners know you are releasing the key. The response might be, “Espresso, this is Seascape. Switch channel 68, over.” Espresso would answer, “Espresso switching 68.” Both vessels switch their radios to 68, hail each other and converse normally. At the end of the conversation, “Espresso returning to stand by channel 16,” or “Seascape out.” The term “out” signifies that you are terminating the conversation. Never say "over and out." Those are conflicting terms.
All ships should maintain watch on channel 16 (156.800 MHz) when within the service area of a VHF maritime coast station and while at sea. Ships with digital selective calling-equipped VHF marine radios should also keep watch on channel 70. After February 1, 2005 ships over 300 tons and passenger ships will no longer be required to monitor channel 16 but will be required under international law to monitor channel 70 for DSCSS signals.
Vessels not required to carry a marine radio (e.g. recreational vessels less than 20m length), but which voluntarily carry a radio, must maintain a watch on channel 16 whenever the radio is operating and not being used to communicate. Such vessels may alternatively maintain a watch on VHF channel 9 (156.450 MHz), the boater calling channel. Note however that urgent marine information broadcasts, such as storm warnings, are announced on channel 9 only in First CG District waters (northern New Jersey , New York and New England ).
U.S. vessels required to carry a VHF marine radio, such as commercial fishing vessels, must maintain a watch on channel 16 (156.800 MHZ) while underway whenever the radio is not being used for exchanging communications. Every power-driven vessel of 20m length or greater, every vessel of 100 tons and upward carrying one or more passengers for hire, every towing vessel of 26 ft length or greater, and every dredge and floating plant near a channel or fairway, must maintain a watch on both VHF channels 13 (156.650 MHz) and 16 (156.800 MHz) while the vessel is underway.
Our little friend learns how to use the radio properly by hailing a launch on channel 71, a working channel. |
Basics for radio etiquette and protocol include:
- Always monitor channel 16 while underway. Reserve calling on channel 16 for hailing and distress only. If you need to hail a vessel, name the vessel you are calling two or three times, state the name of your vessel and wait. Once the vessel responds, switch immediately to an authorized working channel. (See list.)
- Example: "Vectis, Vectis, Vectis, this is Aleria on channel 16 over." "Aleria this is Vectis." "Vectis, switch to channel 71." "Vectis switching 71." You meet on channel 71 where you can converse normally.
- The reason to state the channel you are on is that very often people monitor two (dual) or more frequencies and may have forgotten to switch back to 16 after a previous transmission.
- Conduct radio checks on channel 9. This is a hailing frequency for non-commercial and non-emergency traffic.
- Hail commercial vessels on channel 13 if you need to verify their intentions. It’s better to discuss a course of action with the captain of a tanker than to create a hazardous situation. Channel 13 is also the channel bridge tenders listen to. If you need to know when the next bridge opening would be, this is the channel on which to hail the bridge operator.
- Working channels for reacreational boaters are 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, and 78a. These are also the channels used by many yacht clubs and marinas for their working channels. Use care not to “step on” or interfere with transmission involving yacht races and other events. Note that channel 70 is now authorized only for Digital Selective Calling, an emergency automated distress system mandated by international treaty; channel 70 may no longer be used for voice communication.
One additional rule to mind is that VHF radio is for use only on the water. Shore use is permitted only with a special land based radio permit which is what yacht clubs and marinas have which allows them to talk from the dock house to vessels on the water. If you go ashore with your handheld and you call someone aboard your vessel, you are in violation of the law. For that use, FRS two-way radios that now have suitable range for contact within several miles’ radius are widely available and great for staying in touch with your shore crew. They are also quite useful for communicating from above decks to below and bow to stern while anchoring. Some radios are now even available with VHF and FRS frequencies built in. Visit http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/marcomms/default.htm for up to date information about designated marine frequencies.
Please also keep in mind that the Mayday call is only for situations in which life or property is in immediate danger. It is not for calling for help if you've run out of fuel, unless you are in imminent danger (eg, in a channel without an anchor and without alternative propulsion about to go up on rocks). When you call mayday, you are setting the search and rescue operations into immediate action. If you run out of fuel, run aground, or have an engine problem that is not an immediate threat, hail your towing service or the local coast guard for referral to the local towing service. You may also consider issuing a securite warning to other vessels. If you perceive danger but it's either not identifyable or not imminent, you may issue a pan pan which gets everyone to listen up for further updates. So the sequence of radio distress calls is as follows:
Least threatening: Securite, securite, securite (you are towing someone and have restricted maneuverability and you want all others to avoid you or to let you know if there's a potential issue)
Moderately threatening: Pan pan, pan pan, pan pan (you have grounded and believe you may be taking on water slowly or are a hazard to navigation)
Immediate danger and distress: Mayday, mayday, mayday (your ship is going down, you've lost someone overboard, your vessel is being smashed on rocks, etc)
Note: On HAM radio frequencies, Break, Break, Break is the equivalent of Mayday, mayday, mayday. Never use the term "Break" three times unless there is immediate threat to life or property.
US Radio Watchkeeping Regulations for Recreational Vessels in US Waters
U.S. recreational vessels not required to carry radios
Vessels not required to carry a marine radio (e.g. recreational vessels less than 20m length), but which voluntarily carry a radio, must maintain a watch on channel 16 (156.800 MHz) whenever the radio is operating and not being used to communicate. Such vessels may alternatively maintain a watch on VHF channel 9 (156.450 MHz), the boater calling channel. Note however that urgent marine information broadcasts, such as storm warnings, are announced on channel 9 only in First CG District waters (northern New Jersey , New York and New England ).
U.S. vessels required to carry a marine radio
U.S. vessels required to carry a VHF marine radio, such as commercial fishing vessels, must maintain a watch on channel 16 (156.800 MHZ) while underway whenever the radio is not being used for exchanging communications.
Vessels 20m in length and greater
Every power-driven vessel of 20m length or greater, every vessel of 100 tons and upward carrying one or more passengers for hire, every towing vessel of 26 ft length or greater, and every dredge and floating plant near a channel or fairway, must maintain a watch on both VHF channels 13 (156.650 MHz) and 16 (156.800 MHz) while the vessel is underway. Persons meeting this requirement must be capable of speaking the English language. Sequential monitoring techniques (scanners) alone cannot be used to meet this requirement; two radios, or one radio with two receivers, are required. Vessels operating on the lower Mississippi River must keep a listening watch on VHF channel 67 (156.375 MHz) in place of channel 13.
These rules apply to all foreign vessels, recreational vessels, federal government and military vessels as well as commercial vessels, operating within U.S. territorial waters. These rules also apply to vessels on the Great Lakes and their connecting and tributary waters.
To view the Top 100 Marine VHF/SSB/HAM Radio Frequencies, click here.
To learn about licensing requirements, click here.
SAMPLE DISTRESS CALL on VHF Channel 16 (2182 kHz or 158.6 MHz on other radios)
MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY, this is the sailing vessel (name of vessel) _______________________________________, _____________ (give station ID if available then spell out in phonetic alphabet) ________________________________________________________________________________ Over.
Wait for response. Repeat. If no response, check that channel is on 16 and power is on high and continue broadcast with full information as shown below. Continue to broadcast until you leave the ship. Activate DSC signal on VHF radios equipped with this new feature.
Mayday, mayday, mayday, this is the sailing vessel ________________________________, _____________ (station ID). We are a ______________ (color) hulled _________ (sloop, ketch, cutter, etc) at position _____________________, ______________________ with _____________persons onboard. (State nature of distress, e.g., we have struck an object and are taking on water and preparing to abandon ship to a ________liferaft. We are activating the EPIRB, DSC). Repeat, our position is _________________, _____________ we have _________persons onboard. Request immediate assistance. Mayday, mayday, mayday. Over.
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SAMPLE DISTRESS CALL on SSB or HAM Frequencies
BREAK, BREAK, BREAK. This is _________ (call sign) onboard sailing vessel __________________(name of boat). Over.
Wait for response. Then broadcast remainder of message. If no response, select a different band and/or frequency, ensure that power is on high and try again. If no response, select international HAM radio hailing frequency ________ or a known cruiser’s net frequency _________ and continue broadcast with full information. Continue to broadcast until you leave the ship.
BREAK, BREAK, BREAK, this is __________(call sign) aboard the sailing vessel ________________________________, _____________. We are a ______________(color) hulled _________ (sloop, ketch, etc) at position ___________________________________________ with _____________persons onboard. (State nature of distress, e.g., we have struck an object and are taking on water and preparing to abandon ship to a ________liferaft (describe raft if possible). We have activated the EPIRB and DSC. Repeat, our position is ______________________________ we have _________persons onboard. Request immediate assistance. Over.
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Securite calls and pan pan calls are best left to the Coast Guard. Hail the coast guard with your concerns and let them make the call. Exceptions are if you want people to call you back directly.
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| SAMPLE SECURITE CALL Securite, securite, securite, hello all stations this is the sailing vessel One More Time. We are towing a powerboat on a stern tow in the vicity of Sheffield Island CT bound for Norwalk harbor and have limited maneuverability. All vessels transiting the area should keep a sharp lookout. The is the sailing vessel One More Time standing by on channel 16 for any concerned traffic.
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| SAMPLE PAN PAN CALL Pan pan, pan pan, pan pan, this is the sailing vessel Dame. We have grounded on the shoal at Channel Island but appear to be stable. Repeat, this is the sailing vessel Dame grounded on Channel Island shoal. Request assistance from any vessel in the vicinity in case of further distress. This is the sailing vessel Dame standing by on channel 16.
After you determine that everything is fine and you are underway again, cancel the pan pan.
Hello all stations, hello all stations, hello all stations, this is the sailing vessel Dame cancelling pan pan. Dame standing by channel 16.
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